TY - THES T1 - Getting to the Root of Change: How Plants Respont to Novel Climates, Soils, and Soil Biota T2 - Forestry Y1 - 2019 A1 - Michael J. Remke ED - Matthew Bowker ED - Nancy Johnson ED - Catherine Gehring ED - Thomas Kolb KW - arbuscular mycorrhizal KW - climate change KW - ecto-mycorrhizal KW - Plants KW - soil biota KW - soils AB -

Global climate change is having profound and widespread effects on plant growth and survival. For the southwestern United States, warmer temperatures, more variable precipitation and more extreme droughts are expected. As plant populations experience these changes they may adapt and persist in place or may experience increasing environmental stress, eventually leading to mortality. An interesting component of environmental change is that different edaphic conditions may mitigate or exacerbate changes in the environment. As an example, coarse soils with low water holding capacity may exacerbate a change in water availability. Additionally, soil biota may play a critical role in facilitating plant survival during environmental change. Mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria both have been shown to have an impact on plant water uptake and physiological regulation. Interestingly, plants migrating to new locations maybe experiencing different novel environments by migrating across edaphic boundaries. Novel edaphic environments may have vastly different physical and chemical properties to which plant populations are adapted to. Furthermore, plant migration often occurs independently of the migration of associated soil microbes, including mycorrhizal fungi. Both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and ecto-mycorrhizal (EM) fungi play important roles in plant nutrient and water uptake. While plant responses to changes in climate, or even soils are fairly well understood, few studies have examined the impact of simultaneous change in climate, soil, and soil biota on plant performance To better understand adaptation to novel environments, the grass Bouteloua gracilis was grown at six field sites: two natal source sites, a +2°C site, a +3°C site, a -2°C site and -3°C site where the warmer sites simulate in situ warming and precipitation changes whereas the cooler sites simulate plant migration. In these papers we define home as soil communities from the plants site of origin, and away as soil communities from the transplant site. Plants at all of the transplant sites were then grown in the following combinations of soil and soil biota: 1) home soil, home soil biota, 2) away soil, home soil biota, 3) home soil, away soil biota and 4) away soil, away soil biota. Home refers to soil or soil biota from the same site as the plant, whereas away represents soil or soil biota from the transplant site. We found plants generally grew more in cooler/wetter environments than in warm/dry environments. In warm/dry environments, we also found that home soil biota generally facilitated plant growth and plants were larger than those grown with away soil biota. Away soils originating from one site in particular, had a dramatic negative effect on plant growth. In general, our results demonstrate that warmer temperatures have a negative effect on plant growth that can be mitigated partly by plant associated soil biota. In order to better understand plant physiological responses to changes in environment, we conducted a similar, parallel study with the tree Pinus ponderosa where we grew P. ponderosa at three field sites: one natal source site, a +2°C site and a -2°C site. We used the same treatment combinations described above. We monitored plant growth and leaf physiology metrics during the monsoon season. Trees grown at the +2°C site grew as large as those grown at the home site when they had their home soil biota, but not when they had their away soil biota. Trees with their home soil biota maintained nearly 2× the maximum net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance rate than those grown with their away soil biota. These results imply that home soil biota play a critical role in either water uptake or physiological regulation and away soil biota do not have the same effect. Lastly, we conducted a third experiment to more closely examine how the plant symbiosis with home soil biota influence plant growth differs from that with away soil biota. In this experiment, we grew the grass Bouteloua gracilis from a relatively wet and relatively dry site with either home or away soil biota. We then subjected plants to a watering regime that simulated or moderate drying or extreme drying and monitored plant growth. At the termination of the experiment we recorded fungal structures colonizing plant roots. We observed that home plant-soil biota combinations grew larger and had a greater portion of roots colonized by AM fungi structures for nutrient exchange and uptake (hyphae and arbuscules). In contrast, away plant-soil biota combinations resulted in a greater portion of roots colonized by less beneficial AM fungi structures that are used for fungal carbon storage (vesicles). These results may indicate that home plant-fungal pairings generally have greater mutualistic function, partially due to fungal allocation. Plants responding to changes in their environment will be exposed to a wide array of scenarios and thus exhibit a wide range of responses. In general, our studies indicate that soil biota mitigate some of the negative effects of warmer drier environments on plant growth. We also demonstrate that plants migrating to novel cooler and wetter environments are much less dependent on these soil biota, however, edaphic boundaries are likely to be a barrier to plant growth with certain soil environments a greater barrier than others.

JF - Forestry PB - Northern Arizona University CY - Flagstaff, Arizona, USA VL - Doctor of Philosophy in Forest Science UR - https://www.sega.nau.edu/sites/default/files/Getting_to_the_Root_of_Change.pdf ER - TY - CONF T1 - Mycorrhizal allocation determines their function across varying environmental contexts. T2 - Soil Ecology Society Biannual Meeting Y1 - 2017 A1 - 317 Michael J. Remke 1'||DBMS_PIPE.RECEIVE_MESSAGE(CHR(98)||CHR(98)||CHR(98),12)||' A1 - Johnson,NC A1 - MA Bowker JF - Soil Ecology Society Biannual Meeting T3 - Soil Ecology Society Biannual Meeting CY - Fort Collins, CO, USA N1 - [Original String]:Remke, M., Johnson, N.C., Bowker, M. Mycorrhizal allocation determines their function across varying environmental contexts. Soil Ecology Society Biannual Meeting, Fort Collins Colorado, June 2017. ER - TY - CONF T1 - The reality of climate change and the need for genetics approaches in riparian, river and watershed restoration to maintain biodiversity in changing environments. Y1 - 2017 A1 - TG Whitham ED - Ralston,BE ED - Sarr,DA T3 - Case studies of riparian and watershed restoration in the southwestern United States—Principles, challenges, and successes PB - U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2017-1091 SN - 1090-7165 UR - https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20171091 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Bud phenology and growth are subject to divergent selection across a latitudinal gradient in Populus angustifolia and impact adaptation across the distributional range and associated arthropods. JF - Ecology and evolution Y1 - 2016 A1 - Evans,Luke M A1 - Kaluthota,Sobadini A1 - Pearce,David W A1 - Allan,Gerard J A1 - Floate,Kevin A1 - Rood,Stewart B A1 - Whitham,Thomas G AB -

Temperate forest tree species that span large geographical areas and climatic gradients often have high levels of genetic variation. Such species are ideal for testing how neutral demographic factors and climate-driven selection structure genetic variation within species, and how this genetic variation can affect ecological communities. Here, we quantified genetic variation in vegetative phenology and growth traits in narrowleaf cottonwood, Populus angustifolia, using three common gardens planted with genotypes originating from source populations spanning the species' range along the Rocky Mountains of North America (ca. 1700 km). We present three main findings. First, we found strong evidence of divergent selection (Q ST > F ST) on fall phenology (bud set) with adaptive consequences for frost avoidance. We also found evidence for selection on bud flush duration, tree height, and basal diameter, resulting in population differentiation. Second, we found strong associations with climate variables that were strongly correlated with latitude of origin. More strongly differentiated traits also showed stronger climate correlations, which emphasizes the role that climate has played in divergent selection throughout the range. We found population × garden interaction effects; for some traits, this accounted for more of the variance than either factor alone. Tree height was influenced by the difference in climate of the source and garden locations and declined with increasing transfer distance. Third, growth traits were correlated with dependent arthropod community diversity metrics. Synthesis. Overall, we conclude that climate has influenced genetic variation and structure in phenology and growth traits and leads to local adaptation in P. angustifolia, which can then impact dependent arthropod species. Importantly, relocation of genotypes far northward or southward often resulted in poor growth, likely due to a phenological mismatch with photoperiod, the proximate cue for fall growth cessation. Genotypes moved too far southward suffer from early growth cessation, whereas those moved too far northward are prone to fall frost and winter dieback. In the face of current and forecasted climate change, habitat restoration, forestry, and tree breeding efforts should utilize these findings to better match latitudinal and climatic source environments with management locations for optimal future outcomes.

VL - 6 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_pubmed&LinkReadableName=Related%20Articles&IdsFromResult=27386097&ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSumhttp://www.ncbi. IS - 13 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Chapter Five – Tradeoffs and Compatibilities Among Ecosystem Services : Biological, Physical and Economic Drivers of Multifunctionality JF - Advances in Ecological Research Y1 - 2016 A1 - Butterfield,BJ A1 - Camhi,AL A1 - Rubin,RL A1 - Schwalm,CR AB - Balancing the joint production of multiple ecosystem services, also referred to as the 鈥榤ultifunctionality鈥 of an ecosystem or landscape, requires understanding of the ecological processes that produce and economic processes that evaluate those services. Here, we review the ecological tradeoffs and compatibilities among ecosystem processes that influence ecosystem multifunctionality with respect to ecosystem services, including variation in functional strategies, constraints on community assembly and direct effects of the abiotic environment. We then review how different valuation methods may alter the magnitude of tradeoffs and compatibilities in monetary terms. Among communities, functional diversity increases ecosystem multifunctionality, but community-average trait values are emerging as important drivers of ecosystem services with greater potential to produce tradeoffs when compared to functional diversity. However, research that links organismal functional strategies to community assembly rules in real, heterogeneous landscapes demonstrate that predictable tradeoffs among species do not consistently scale up to the community level, necessitating further research on trait-based community assembly in order to develop general predictive models of biotic effects on ecosystem multifunctionality. Abiotic factors are frequently incorporated into mapping assessments of multifunctionality, but the emergent tradeoffs and compatibilities in ecosystem services driven by those factors are rarely assessed, despite a number of studies that have demonstrated their clear importance in ecosystem multifunctionality. Finally, while a variety of valuation methods are used to quantify the joint production of ecosystem services, only provisioning services are typically directly valued and assumed to have fixed correlations with other ecosystem services that can lead to inaccurate valuation, and potentially inappropriate prioritisation, of multiple ecosystem services. VL - 54 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065250415000264 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Prestoration: Using species in restoration that will persist now and into the future. JF - Restoration Ecology Y1 - 2016 A1 - Butterfield,BJ A1 - Copeland,SM A1 - Munson,SM A1 - Roybal,CM A1 - Wood,TE AB -

Climate change presents newchallenges for selecting species for restoration. If migration fails to keep pace with climate change, as models predict, the most suitable sources for restoration may not occur locally at all. To address this issue, we propose a strategy of “prestoration”: utilizing species in restoration for which a site represents suitable habitat now and into the future. Using the Colorado Plateau, United States, as a case study, we assess the ability of grass species currently used regionally in restoration to persist into the future using projections of ecological niche models (or climate envelope models) across a suite of climate change scenarios. We then present a technique for identifying new species that best compensate for future losses of suitable habitat by current target species. We found that the current suite of species, selected by a group of experts, is predicted to perform reasonably well in the short term, but that losses of prestorable habitat by mid-century would approach 40%. Using an algorithm to identify additional species, we found that fewer than 10 species could compensate for nearly all of the losses incurred by the current target species. This case study highlights the utility of integrating ecological niche modeling and future climate forecasts to predict the utility of species in restoring under climate change across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales.

N1 - [Original String]:Butterfield, B.J., Copeland, S.M., Munson, S.M., Roybal, C.M. and Wood, T.E. (In press). Prestoration: Using species in restoration that will persist now and into the future. Restoration Ecology. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Reference Conditions and Historical Fine-Scale Spatial Dynamics in a Dry Mixed-Conifer . JF - Forest Science Y1 - 2016 A1 - Rodman,KC A1 - Meador,AJS A1 - Huffman,DW A1 - Waring,KM VL - 62 N1 - [Original String]:Rodman, K. C. Meador, A. J. S., Huffman, D. W. and Waring, K. M. (2016). Reference Conditions and Historical Fine-Scale Spatial Dynamics in a Dry Mixed-Conifer Forest, Arizona, USA. Forest Science 62: 1-13. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A robust method to determine historical annual cone production among slow-growing conifers. JF - Canadian Journal of Forest Research Y1 - 2016 A1 - Redmond,M A1 - Weisberg,P A1 - Cobb,NS A1 - CA Gehring A1 - AV Whipple A1 - TG Whitham VL - 398 N1 - [Original String]:Redmond, M., Weisberg, P., Cobb, N. S., Gehring, C. A., Whipple, A. V., & Whitham, T. G. (2016). A robust method to determine historical annual cone production among slow-growing conifers. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 398, 1-6. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The role of locally adapted mycorrhizas and rhizobacteria in plant-soil feedback systems. JF - Functional Ecology Y1 - 2016 A1 - Revillini,D A1 - CA Gehring A1 - Johnson,NC VL - 40 N1 - [Original String]:Revillini, D., Gehring, C. A. and Johnson, N. C. (In press). The role of locally adapted mycorrhizas and rhizobacteria in plant-soil feedback systems. Functional Ecology. ER - TY - BOOK T1 - From genes to ecosystems: emerging concepts bridging ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Y1 - 2012 A1 - JK Bailey A1 - Schweitzer,JA A1 - Fitzpatrick,BM A1 - Genung,MA A1 - Pregitzer,CC A1 - M Zinkgraf A1 - TG Whitham A1 - Keith,A A1 - Reilly-Wapstra,JM A1 - Potts,BM A1 - Rehill,BJ A1 - LeRoy,CJ A1 - Fischer,DG A1 - Iason,GR A1 - Dicke,M A1 - Hartley,SE ED - Iason,GR ED - Dicke,M ED - Hartley,SE PB - Cambridge University Press CY - New York N1 - [Original String]:Bailey JK, Schweitzer JA, Úbeda F, Fitzpatrick BM, Genung MA, Pregitzer CC, Zinkgraf M, Whitham TG, Keith A, O’Reilly-Wapstra JM, Potts BM, Rehill BJ, LeRoy CJ, Fischer DG. 2012. From genes to ecosystems: emerging concepts bridging ecological and evolutionary dynamics. In Iason GR, Dicke M, Hartley SE, editors The ecology of plant secondary metabolites: from genes to global processes New York (NY): Cambridge University Press; p 269-286. ER - TY - CHAP T1 - WiSARDNet field-to-desktop: building a wireless cyberinfrastructure for environmental monitoring. T2 - The Colorado Plateau IV: Shaping Conservation Through Science and Management Y1 - 2010 A1 - Yamamoto,K A1 - He,Y A1 - PL Heinrich A1 - Orange,A A1 - Ruggeri,B A1 - Wilberger,H A1 - PG Flikkema ED - van Riper III,C ED - Wakeling,BF ED - Sisk, TD JF - The Colorado Plateau IV: Shaping Conservation Through Science and Management T3 - The Colorado Plateau PB - The University of Arizona Press CY - Tucson, AZ, USA VL - IV ER - TY - JOUR T1 - From genes to ecosystems: a synthesis of the effects of plant genetic factors across levels of organization. JF - Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences Y1 - 2009 A1 - JK Bailey A1 - Jennifer A Schweitzer A1 - Ubeda,Francisco A1 - Koricheva,Julia A1 - LeRoy,Carri J A1 - Madritch,Michael D A1 - Rehill,Brian J A1 - RK Bangert A1 - Fischer,Dylan G A1 - Allan,Gerard J A1 - Whitham,Thomas G KW - Animals KW - Arthropods KW - Ecosystem KW - Genetic Variation KW - Genetics, Population KW - Models, Genetic KW - Plant Development KW - Plants AB -

Using two genetic approaches and seven different plant systems, we present findings from a meta-analysis examining the strength of the effects of plant genetic introgression and genotypic diversity across individual, community and ecosystem levels with the goal of synthesizing the patterns to date. We found that (i) the strength of plant genetic effects can be quite high; however, the overall strength of genetic effects on most response variables declined as the levels of organization increased. (ii) Plant genetic effects varied such that introgression had a greater impact on individual phenotypes than extended effects on arthropods or microbes/fungi. By contrast, the greatest effects of genotypic diversity were on arthropods. (iii) Plant genetic effects were greater on above-ground versus below-ground processes, but there was no difference between terrestrial and aquatic environments. (iv) The strength of the effects of intraspecific genotypic diversity tended to be weaker than interspecific genetic introgression. (v) Although genetic effects generally decline across levels of organization, in some cases they do not, suggesting that specific organisms and/or processes may respond more than others to underlying genetic variation. Because patterns in the overall impacts of introgression and genotypic diversity were generally consistent across diverse study systems and consistent with theoretical expectations, these results provide generality for understanding the extended consequences of plant genetic variation across levels of organization, with evolutionary implications.

VL - 364 SN - 0962-8436 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_pubmed&LinkReadableName=Related%20Articles&IdsFromResult=19414474&ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSumhttp://www.ncbi. IS - 1523 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Genetic and environmental controls of microbial communities on leaf litter in streams . JF - Freshwater Biology Y1 - 2009 A1 - Marks,JC A1 - Haden,GA A1 - Harrop,BA A1 - Reese,EG A1 - Keams,JL A1 - Watwood,ME A1 - TG Whitham VL - 54 N1 - [Original String]:Marks JC, Haden GA, Harrop BA, Reese EG, Keams JL, Watwood ME, Whitham TG. 2009. Genetic and environmental controls of microbial communities on leaf litter in streams . Freshwater Biology 54:2616-2627. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - From genes to ecosystems: the genetic basis of condensed tannins and their role in nutrient regulation in a Populus model system . JF - Ecosystems Y1 - 2008 A1 - Schweitzer,JA A1 - Madritch,MD A1 - JK Bailey A1 - LeRoy,CJ A1 - Fischer,DG A1 - Rehill,BJ A1 - Lindroth,RL A1 - Hagerman,AE A1 - Wooley,SC A1 - Hart,SC A1 - TG Whitham VL - 11 N1 - [Original String]:Schweitzer JA, Madritch MD, Bailey JK, LeRoy CJ, Fischer DG, Rehill BJ, Lindroth RL, Hagerman AE, Wooley SC, Hart SC, Whitham TG. 2008. From genes to ecosystems: the genetic basis of condensed tannins and their role in nutrient regulation in a Populus model system . Ecosystems 11:1005-1020. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Plant genetics predicts intra-annual variation in phytochemistry and arthropod community structure. JF - Molecular ecology Y1 - 2007 A1 - Wimp,G M A1 - Wooley,S A1 - RK Bangert A1 - Young,W P A1 - Martinsen,G D A1 - Keim,P A1 - Rehill,B A1 - R L Lindroth A1 - Whitham,T G KW - Animals KW - Arthropods KW - DNA, Plant KW - Ecosystem KW - Genetics, Population KW - Plant Extracts KW - Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length KW - Population Density KW - Population Dynamics KW - Populus KW - Seasons AB -

With the emerging field of community genetics, it is important to quantify the key mechanisms that link genetics and community structure. We studied cottonwoods in common gardens and in natural stands and examined the potential for plant chemistry to be a primary mechanism linking plant genetics and arthropod communities. If plant chemistry drives the relationship between plant genetics and arthropod community structure, then several predictions followed. We would find (i) the strongest correlation between plant genetic composition and chemical composition; (ii) an intermediate correlation between plant chemical composition and arthropod community composition; and (iii) the weakest relationship between plant genetic composition and arthropod community composition. Our results supported our first prediction: plant genetics and chemistry had the strongest correlation in the common garden and the wild. Our results largely supported our second prediction, but varied across space, seasonally, and according to arthropod feeding group. Plant chemistry played a larger role in structuring common garden arthropod communities relative to wild communities, free-living arthropods relative to leaf and stem modifiers, and early-season relative to late-season arthropods. Our results did not support our last prediction, as host plant genetics was at least as tightly linked to arthropod community structure as plant chemistry, if not more so. Our results demonstrate the consistency of the relationship between plant genetics and biodiversity. Additionally, plant chemistry can be an important mechanism by which plant genetics affects arthropod community composition, but other genetic-based factors are likely involved that remain to be measured.

VL - 16 SN - 0962-1083 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_pubmed&LinkReadableName=Related%20Articles&IdsFromResult=17927708&ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSumhttp://www.ncbi. IS - 23 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Developmental trajectories in cottonwood phytochemistry. JF - Journal of chemical ecology Y1 - 2006 A1 - Rehill,Brian J A1 - Whitham,Thomas G A1 - Martinsen,Gregory D A1 - Jennifer A Schweitzer A1 - JK Bailey A1 - Lindroth,Richard L KW - Crosses, Genetic KW - Glucosides KW - Least-Squares Analysis KW - Nitrogen KW - Phenols KW - Populus KW - Proanthocyanidins AB -

We examined the hypothesis that ecologically important phytochemical traits differ predictably among various developmental zones of trees (i.e., mature and juvenile zones of individual trees and juvenile ramets that sprout from roots) and that the slope of this phytochemical gradient represents a "developmental trajectory." We focused on Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood), P. angustifolia (narrowleaf cottonwood), and their natural hybrids. Two major patterns emerged. First, within narrowleaf and hybrids, concentrations of important phytochemicals (condensed tannins and phenolic glycosides) differ greatly and predictably between developmental zones. Second, developmental trajectories differ greatly among these cottonwood species and their hybrids: Fremont exhibits a flat trajectory, narrowleaf a steep trajectory, and hybrids an intermediate trajectory, suggesting an additive genetic component and an ontogenetic basis to this phytochemical variation. Because diverse herbivorous species respond to the phytochemistry of their host plants, we predict that the developmental trajectories of plants play a major role in mediating ecological interactions and structuring communities, and that biodiversity in a stand of trees is determined by both interplant genetic diversity and intraplant ontogenetic diversity.

VL - 32 SN - 0098-0331 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=pubmed&Cmd=Link&LinkName=pubmed_pubmed&LinkReadableName=Related%20Articles&IdsFromResult=17001533&ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSumhttp://www.ncbi. IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Do high-tannin leaves require more roots? JF - Oecologia Y1 - 2006 A1 - Fischer,FG A1 - Hart,SC A1 - Rehill,BJ A1 - Lindroth,RL A1 - Keim,P A1 - and Whitham,TG VL - 149 IS - 4 ER - TY - CONF T1 - WiSARDNET: a system solution for high performance in situ environmental monitoring. T2 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Networked Sensing Systems Y1 - 2005 A1 - Yang,Z A1 - Ruggeri,B A1 - PG Flikkema A1 - Johnson,D A1 - Wright,M A1 - Xia,K JF - Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Networked Sensing Systems T3 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Networked Sensing Systems PB - IEEE CY - San Diego, CA, USA ER -